Artificial Intellegent

What is Artificial Intelligence(AI)?

In this 2004 study, John McCarthy gives the following definition of artificial intelligence (AI), despite the fact that there have been numerous other definitions over the past few decades (PDF, 106 KB) AI is the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines, particularly intelligent computer programs (link is external to IBM). Although it is related to the related job of utilizing computers to comprehend human intellect, AI should not be limited to techniques that can be observed by biological means.

However years before this definition came into being, in 1950, Alan Turing's landmark paper "Computing Machines and Intelligence" (PDF, 89.8 KB) (link lives outside of IBM) marked the beginning of the artificial intelligence debate. Can machines think? is the question Turing, who is frequently referred to as the "father of computer science," poses in this essay. Next he proposes a test that has become commonly known as the "Turing Test," in which a human interrogator would attempt to differentiate between a computer-generated and a human-written text response. Although this test has been under intense criticism since it was published, it nonetheless contributes significantly to the history of AI and continues to be a topic of discussion in philosophy because it makes use of linguistic concepts.

Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig subsequently went on to publish Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (link lives outside IBM), which quickly became one of the main textbooks in the field of AI research. In it, they go into four alternative aims or definitions of AI, which divides computer systems on the basis of reason and thinking vs. acting:

Human approach:

•   System that think like humans
•   System that act like humans

Ideal approach:

• Systems that think rationally
• System that act rationally        

  
Alan Turing’s definition would have fallen under the category of “systems that act like humans.”

In its most basic form, artificial intelligence is a field that combines computer science and large datasets to solve problems. It also includes the subfields of machine learning and deep learning, which are commonly referenced in the context of artificial intelligence. AI algorithms are used in these areas to develop expert systems that make predictions or classifications based on input data.

Nowadays, there is still a lot of hype around AI development, as is typical of any new emergent technology on the market. Product innovations such as self-driving cars and personal assistants, as noted in Gartner's hype cycle (link resides outside IBM), follow "a typical progression of innovation, from overenthusiasm through a period of disillusionment to an eventual understanding of the innovation's relevance and role in a market or domain." As Lex Fridman observes here (01:08:05) (link resides outside IBM) in his 2019 MIT lecture, we are at the apex of inflated expectations and approaching the apex of disillusionment.

As conversations emerge around the ethics of AI, we can begin to see the initial glimpses of the trough of disillusionment. To read more on where IBM stands within the conversation around AI ethics, read more here.

 

Types of AI

Type-1

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence: AI designed to complete very specific actions; unable to independently Learn.
2. Artificial General Intelligence: Ai design to learn, think and ;perform at similar levels to humans.
3. Artificial Superintelligence: AI able to surpass the knowledge and capabilities of humans.     

                                                    Type-2

1. Reactive Machines: AI capable of responding to external stimuli in real time; unable to build memory or store information for future.
2. Limited Memory: AI That can store knowledge and use it to learn and train for future tasks.
3. Theory of Mind: AI  that can sense and respond to human emotions, plus perform the tasks of limited memory machines.
4. Self-aware: AI that can recognise others' emotions, plus has sense of self and human-level intelligence; the final stage of AI.

AI has several uses in various industries, including:

• AI can be used in healthcare to evaluate medical data and assist clinicians in diagnosing and treating patients.
• Transportation: AI may be used to enhance traffic flow, optimize routes, and create self-driving cars.
• Education: AI can be used to customise students' learning experiences and provide more personalized feedback and support.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) can be utilized to create more interesting and immersive games and virtual reality experiences.

Despite the numerous advantages of AI, there are concerns regarding its possible impact on society. Some are concerned that AI may result in job losses and exacerbate existing imbalances. Concerns have also been raised concerning privacy and security, as well as the possibility of AI being exploited in undesirable ways.

Artificial intelligence is a complex and quickly expanding field with several applications and potential benefits. As AI technology advances, individuals and society as a whole must understand its implications and seek to ensure that it is used ethically and responsibly.